Free Market System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Free Market System - Essay Example This is more of a hypothetical situation as no economy in the world is in a total Laissez-faire state. As opposed to planned economy, the free-market economy allows households and private firms and businesses to own land and other resources and use them to invest in any part or sector of the economy which seems lucrative and profitable to them (Rao, 1998). In order to understand the benefits of free-market economy, one needs to understand how the planned economy works. In a planned economy, also known as command economy, all the resources are state owned. Its’ allocation is decided by the government in order to maximize the society’s welfare regardless of the profit motive. This means that even if the venture does not earn profit for the government and if the venture is good for the society’s welfare, the state would continue to allocate its resources to the latter. For example, if a government sets up a state-funded hospital in a remote are with state-of-the-art facilities, it cannot expect a fair return of revenue from its investment. However, this venture would increase the life expectancy of the people in the area and improve their standard of living. The government, operating in a command economy will not withdraw the investment. Likewise, operating a state-owned Postal Service in a remote area would incur losses as there would hardly be enough posts to break-even. Despite a venture’s disability to earn profit, a planned economy would continue to invest if a venture is maximizing the society’s welfare. Examples include building roads, infrastructure, merit and public goods etc. As there is no profit motive, the government will not invest as per market forces and the demand of the consumers. For example, if there is a high demand of luxury goods in the metropolitan city of an economy, the government would rather invest in those areas which would satisfy basic necessities of people in different parts of the country. Likewis e, the government would not be interested to produce variants of any category. For example, there would be a limited range of cars produced in the economy. Some critiques argue that this economic system maximizes the society’s welfare and there is more even distribution of income in the economy as opposed to free market system. This is true to some extent however, like the case of Laissez-faire, there is no economy in the world which is entirely command economy. There is some level of international trade or some or some level of production in an economy which is driven by profit motive. However just for the sake of argument, planned economies fail to meet the consumers’ demand in an economy. Besides this, as there is no profit motive, the workers get de-motivated and as they are not allowed to own assets or factors of production, the economy’s GDP would be restricted to what a free-economy could otherwise have achieved. Besides this, the resources tend to be mis allocated as they will not be yielding a fair return which it otherwise would have if the respective end product had a demand. The government would just be injecting more resources with no return as reimbursement at the expense of other people who would deserve a fair return for their taxes in the form of a diverse range of commodities to choose from (Rao, 1998). In a free-market economy, the resources are not just state-owned. Individuals and firms have the liberty to invest in whatever which is in demand. The market-forces would move in to stabilize the prices automatically and bridge the gap between demand and supply. Market forces will only come into play when the resources have some mobility and the consumers are free to choose from a range of products. Besides this, in the free market economy, there is a

History of Cadbury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of Cadbury - Essay Example r by the name of â€Å"Cadbury Brothers of Birmingham† in 1847 and started operating an office in London; following the partnership in 1854, they received Royal Warrant of manufacturers of chocolate and cocoa to Queen Victoria. Before 1850s chocolate was a luxury food item, enjoyed only by the elite society of Birmingham but in the 1850s due to a decline in the import taxes, the prices reduced and everybody could afford chocolate. In 1861, John’s partnership with his brother Benjamin was dissolved by mutual agreement and Cadbury was handed over to John’s sons George and Richard Cadbury because of the poor health of their father. Richard took over the marketing and sales side of Cadbury, George managed the manufacturing of Cadbury chocolate and in 1866, they launched â€Å"Cocoa Essence† (all natural products without any starchy ingredient) as George acquired a revolutionary cocoa press. George and Richard decided in 1878 to expand their business and for that reason, they acquired the Bournbrook Estate, situated in the south of outskirts of Birmingham. This estate was named Bournville and later they opened the Bournville factory. In 1905, Cadbury launched its first milk chocolate with higher milk content than other chocolates and became the best selling product in the year 1913. In 1918, Cadbury’s trade increased and it spread globally when Cadbury launched its first factory at Hobart Tasmania (BBC, 1). In 1919, Cadbury was merged with JS Fry & Sons to compete against Rowntree (brand owned by Nestle). On 22 September 1955, Cadbury advertised itself on TV for the first time. In 1969, Cadbury was again merged with beverages company Schweppes and formed Cadbury Schweppes. Cadbury Schweppes then acquired other companies but in US, the manufacturing of Cadbury’s confectionary products was licensed to The Hershey Company. In 2009, Kraft foods made a bid of $ 16.2 billion to takeover Cadbury but according to Cadbury, the bid was undervalued. Later in 2010, there

Gender Identity In the Fashion Industry

Gender Identity In the Fashion Industry Fashion is not what models exhibit in a magazine or a store window. It pervades every aspect of life. Fashion is mystifying, intimidating, irritating at time yet compulsive. It is an assertion or expression of identity. So long as identity is important, fashion will continue to be important. Fashion defines an individuals persona. Fashion designers define how people should dress up and how they look in different outfits. They continue to make contributions to cultural and social environment.In their zeal to create something unique, designers are always on the lookout for inspiration from history, cultural differences, themes, motifs and contemporary thoughts. But fashion cannot be moulded per the male or female outlook. It speaks independently of its creators. Role of designers need not be gender biased or biology biased. A detailed scrutiny into gender and sex shows one is biological and other societal. For instance, females, biologically are designed to give birth. Once they have given birth and performed the mammalian function, they can take up a role of hunter or a warrior. The terms hunter and nester refer to masculine and feminine. Masculine describes an approach that is abstract in nature, usually focused on a splendid thought, the way of a hunter. Contrary to this, feminine approach is considered to be orchestrating detailed decisions contributing to wider set of objectives, the way of a nester. Regardless of sex, fashion designers can be categorized into 3 groups- Hunter, Nester and nester- hunter designer. Hunter designers are those who have focused approach on one thing but to do that very efficiently. Designers in nester group have broad minded approach. They aspire to take steps in sequence contributing to a decision keeping i n mind long term objectives. It is striking to notice difference between male and female designs. There is a slight assumption that abstract skills are of higher value. Emphasis should be on both abstract and verbal reasoning, technical and aesthetics implying that Nester and hunter need to work hand in hand for best results. Many women have a masculine approach to a design and many men have a feminine approach to a design. Nester-hunter designers are a mix of both. It is important to understand these types of designer approaches as the best design teams have a combination of hunter and nester approach. It does make sense that a combination of abstract thought blended well with meticulous design and contractual management would lead to some of the best works getting designed. AT the drawing board one can work from a particular thought to a more general one. This can be done even vice versa. But the important thing is that one should have a clear precise perspective of the end design. Majority of the worlds fashion designing schools are run by women but have been organized by men. Fashion was not always a gendered occurrence. Until eighteenth century, both men and women decked themselves with elaborate dresses. Costume historians have elaborated that gender distinction in dress was not that prominent until nineteenth century. Men and women in elite class often emulated abundant show of rich velvets, fine silks, lace, decorative footwear, wigs, head embellishments and scented powders. Men in pink suits, gold and silver jewelry and embroidered shirts were considered very masculine, regardless of choice of color or ornaments worn. The more intricate the dress, the higher used to be the status of the wearer in the society. Fashion was not only a womens affair then. It became feminized since nineteenth century when gender representation became stronger than societal class. With the turn of century, not only fashion became more feminized, but male identity went through a distinct change with modernization. Early theorists related fashion to the social status of women. The affluent displayed their wealth by ornamenting their wives and daughters exuding an air of sophistication. The women also spent endless efforts and hours to be ladies. At the end of eighteenth century bourgeois male went through the great masculine renunciation, as a result of which men gave up wearing all the bright colors and jewelry leaving it to the womens domain. In post industrial societies, men were guided by occupational spheres. Their business and casual attire were starkly different. Also age segmentation has played a very prominent role in defining mens style. Amongst women, age segmentation is only for those who want to believe in it. Although the designer fashion tends to extend beyond the boundaries of masculinity, the gender fashion still exists between male and female fashion. To that extent, fashion may be assumed to be cultural, affecting consumers perception and experience of design.The impact of gender is very evident in the visual appearances in consumers mind. For instance, pink for the girl and blue for the boy goes the clichà © defining gender by color coding. In the designer world, industrial design is thought as male and textile design as female. Even design is rendered into gender stereotypes like feminine lace, dolls for girls, masculine leather, etc. As industriliazation took place, social stratas on clothing transformed in eterms of occupation. The social chasm between lower class, middle and upper class was huge during the industrial era. Clothes were almost unavailable for the poor but were in abundance for the rich- for whom changes in fashions were created. Members of other social classes were just expected to emulate the rich if they wished to appear fashionable. By late nineteenth century clothes had become cheaper and accessible to lower classes of society. Middle and upper class women spent substantial amount of their incomes on fashionable clothes. Mens social clothing became more and more simplified. Infact the concept of uniforms and dress codes gained importance to showcase the ranks in the bureaucratic organizations. In the twentieth century, clothes seem to have lost their economic relevance but not their symbolic relevance. This is because clothes are available in all price ranges to suit all pockets. Those with l imited resources can still emulate fashion by creating personal styles which are expression of their identities rather than imitating styles of the affluent. Appearance of fashion indicated sudden appearance of a new social bond and a social temporality With time, fashion trends have changed. It has been dominated by cult, uniqueness , inspiration from local and foreign models. Fashion instituted the social power of minute signs which has an astonishing mechanism of social distinction of those who dress in an innovative way. It also draws inspiration from ancestral heritage and social norms. Fashion perhaps forms a major part in the construction of a social identity. It is an indication of how people in different eras showcased their positions and status boundaries. The most visible marks of social status and gender has been broadly showcased by Fashion. Fashion dictates the choices that people make in the form of culture, norms and appropriateness of the occasion. For instance, hats were a huge fashion statement and were worn to either showcase recognised or desired social status. Fashion clothing also revealed the occupation, social class and regional origin of a person. It distinguishes elite fashion from everyday fashion. There is very less in common amongst dressing style of a secretary a homemaker, a businessman and a law enforcement officer. As a social phenomenon, it has been treated as futile because of huge association of outward appearance with women. The face of fashion defines its phenomena. Female fashion emanates uniqueness and change. Mens interest in fashion is dictated by their occupation generally but womens interest depends upon their fascination with beauty. Now the nature of fashion seems to have changed. From nineteenth century when fashion was more on well defined standard of societal appearance has now evolved into being more contemporary. It has become indistinct, multifaceted and highly fragmented. New styles have been evolved over the years. Societies have changed dramatically in the past few decades. Social class has become less prominent in the contemporary society of today. Instead of class differentiation there is fragmentation of cultures within societies. 1960s was a special era in the sense where fashion emerged in lower status groups and adopted by the affluent. This fashion phenomena defied age and social barriers conveying pride to the trendsetter. In early 90s, designers tried to be innovative by adding feminine elements to menswear.Also there seemed to be a female dominance over the culture. Fashion for women fits the definition of conflicted supremacy. Women have held contrasting position in different times ranging from marginally unconcealed to conservative to acceptable fashionable to feminine dominance and empowerment in 90s. Turrow believes lifestyles are now in hypersegmentation which isolates each lifestyle in its own niche. People are more likely to frequent changes in their lifestyle now. The mulitplicity of changes that such lifestyle in a contemporary society presents the opportunity to an indidual to break away from tradition.Todays individual constructs a send of identity from his past, present and future events, commitments and aspirations. The individual styles have also gone through frequent changes in line with their changing lifestyles. Personal orientation, income, education, family careers, social position influence a persons taste in fashion. The younger generation today, usually with more affluent background have post modernist attitude towards identity. Attitude of younger women towards fashion is that of liberalization, power and personal panache. Men are now borrowing elements of costumes from women. Problems are faced when there is persistence to keep male gender above the female one . Today men spend lot of time and money on hair styling, appearance, fashionable clothing and skin products. These men are being coined as metrosexual. A metrosexual man willingly displays his masculinity from his ability to consume, showcase his toned physique to assert his identity as an urban middle class man.Yet again, fashion is being used to exhibit gender identity. Fashions most imminent characteristic is that it changes. With multiple demands on clothing and dressing, change is the only constant. Cross-dressing has come up as a welcome antidote to confining concepts of society and gender. It offers alternative ways to visualize and dress up a gender and might end up freeing the consumers restrictive thoughts on gender dressing. Realm of fashion in undergoing a radical change. Fashion contributes to newer definitions of social identities and newer attributes to personal preferences. Today because of globalization, fashion houses have to constantly innovate, think out of the box as consumers are no longer fashion victims. Gender studies in design have now challenged these contentious gender, sterotypes, cultural and societal outlook. Female designers earlier have been more prevalent in ceramics, textile designs and men more prominent in abstract art and advertising designs. These self, societal and cultural divisions are breaking down now. Men and women both have critical roles to play as consumers and producers of design. People select styles to suit their identity, lifestyle and societal norms. Fashion is a choice not a compulsion. It is not a simple process to achieve equivalence between design and customer preference. Designers today are pushing gender based boundaries in fashion and almost pulverizing them. They are bringing to life their vision of what they consider fashion. Designers are now teaming up with people who have different perspectives to make an impact in all their designs. They take pride in and gain strength from the richness of a multicultural society and recognize it as a continuous growth . They work in an environment where they contribute their thoughts freely and create designs. These designs are sated with utmost creativity, uniqueness, abstractness and intricacy at the same time. This has become the definition of success.

Pre-1914 Prose :: English Literature

Pre-1914 Prose All five Victorian writers use mystery in there story's, but the word mystery does not just mean one thing. The mystery in these story's are either a whodunit or a superstitious type of mystery. A whodunit is where the people in the story or the reader try and work out what the mystery is, and a superstitious mystery is where it can not be explained. "Napoleon and The Spectre" by Charlotte Bronte is a traditional ghost story where Napoleon is woken by a ghost. It is a suppositious mystery as the reader does not know if the ghost actually exists. "The Red Room" by H.G Wells is also a superstitious mystery. It is a superstitious mystery because the reader does not know if the happenings in "The Red Room" are a result of paranoia, or of a supernatural cause. "The Adventure of the Speckled Band" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is different to "Napoleon and The Spectre" and "The Red Room". As it is a whodunit story. It is a whodunit story because the lead character Sherlock Holmes, is trying to solve the mystery of if the woman was killed or died of natural causes. In the five stories there are two types of main characters. There's the victim of the mystery and there is the solver of the mystery. The victim is usually some one who is effected in a negative way by the mystery. Also many of the victims are outsiders and loners. The solver of the mystery is usually someone like Sherlock Holmes who solves the mystery. In "The Adventure of the Speckled Band", the main character is Sherlock Holmes. He is the solver of the mystery. He is presented as a man who has a great eye for detail. The reader can tell this because he notices that the lady travelled by dog cart when he says "The left arm of your jacket is splattered with mud." This makes him seem like he has a good eye for detail as it is a unusual thing to notice something so small. In "The Red Room" the old couple are put across as very mysterious by the way they are described and by the things they say. An example of the way they are described is when the old woman is said to be "sat staring hard into the fire, her pale eyes wide open." This makes the old woman sound very mysterious as it is not a normal thing to be staring hard into a fire and this makes her seem very strange. An example of them being described as mysterious is when the narrator Pre-1914 Prose :: English Literature Pre-1914 Prose All five Victorian writers use mystery in there story's, but the word mystery does not just mean one thing. The mystery in these story's are either a whodunit or a superstitious type of mystery. A whodunit is where the people in the story or the reader try and work out what the mystery is, and a superstitious mystery is where it can not be explained. "Napoleon and The Spectre" by Charlotte Bronte is a traditional ghost story where Napoleon is woken by a ghost. It is a suppositious mystery as the reader does not know if the ghost actually exists. "The Red Room" by H.G Wells is also a superstitious mystery. It is a superstitious mystery because the reader does not know if the happenings in "The Red Room" are a result of paranoia, or of a supernatural cause. "The Adventure of the Speckled Band" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is different to "Napoleon and The Spectre" and "The Red Room". As it is a whodunit story. It is a whodunit story because the lead character Sherlock Holmes, is trying to solve the mystery of if the woman was killed or died of natural causes. In the five stories there are two types of main characters. There's the victim of the mystery and there is the solver of the mystery. The victim is usually some one who is effected in a negative way by the mystery. Also many of the victims are outsiders and loners. The solver of the mystery is usually someone like Sherlock Holmes who solves the mystery. In "The Adventure of the Speckled Band", the main character is Sherlock Holmes. He is the solver of the mystery. He is presented as a man who has a great eye for detail. The reader can tell this because he notices that the lady travelled by dog cart when he says "The left arm of your jacket is splattered with mud." This makes him seem like he has a good eye for detail as it is a unusual thing to notice something so small. In "The Red Room" the old couple are put across as very mysterious by the way they are described and by the things they say. An example of the way they are described is when the old woman is said to be "sat staring hard into the fire, her pale eyes wide open." This makes the old woman sound very mysterious as it is not a normal thing to be staring hard into a fire and this makes her seem very strange. An example of them being described as mysterious is when the narrator

The Demand of Samsung

I. The demand for smartphones worldwide. – The worldwide mobile phone market grew 1. 9% year over year in the fourth quarter of 2012 (4Q12), as the number of smartphone sales raised to levels nearly equal to those of other phones. 219. 4 million units in 4Q12, which represents 45. 5% of all mobile phone shipments, the highest percentage ever. On an annual basis, 712. 6 million smartphones were shipped globally in 2012, which was 44. 1% more than in 2011. Top Five Smartphone Vendors, Shipments, and Market Share Calendar Year 2012 (Units in Millions) Vendor2012 Unit Shipments2012 Market Share2011 Unit Shipments2011 Market ShareYear over Year Change 1. Samsung215. 830. 3%94. 219. 0%129. 1% 2. Apple135. 919. 1%93. 118. 8%46. 9% 3. Nokia35. 14. 9%77. 315. 6%-54. 6% 4. HTC32. 64. 6%43. 68. 8%-25. 2% 5. Research In Motion32. 54. 6%51. 110. 3%-36. 4% Others260. 736. 5%135. 327. 5%92. 7% Total712. 100. 0%494. 6100. 0%44. 1% Source: IDC Worldwide Mobile Phone Tracker, January 24, 2013 - The huge demand from all over the world -> the need for expanding the production facilities as well as the employees. II. Production plan -Over the world,Samsung has plants in 5 countries: China,Korea,Brazil,India and Viet Nam. – The Vietnam unit of the company has started construction on the plant in Yen Binh Industrial Park in Thai Nguyen province.Operation of the plant, which will mainly produce mobile phones, is expected to start from the end of the year, and production is projected to be boosted since 2014 to hit 120 million units by 2015. -Together with the current plant in Bac Ninh Industrial Area in Vietnam, the completion of the new plant will lift production capacity of Samsung's Vietnam unit to 240 million by 2015, accounting over half of Samsung's total projected capacity. Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung (2nd, R), leaders of Samsung and guests press the button to start work on the hi-tech complex of Samsung in Thai Nguyen >The locations of the factories have major effects on the firm’s performance as establishing factories in these countries helps reduce the cost of renting space as well as the labor cost than in other countries due to the fact that they are big countries with a high population. ->helps increase the revenue of the firm. -The more factories they build, the more benefits they gain because according to economies of scale, the average cost per unit produced declines as the firm produces more units as the facilities stay the same. ->helps sell more products-> more profit.

Cancer

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APA Referencing †Citing a Movie or TV Show (Proofread My Paper)

APA Referencing – Citing a Movie or TV Show APA Referencing – Citing a Movie or TV Show The vast majority of citations in academic writing are for books, journals and other written sources. Sometimes, however, you might need to cite a movie or TV show. E.g., If you want to squeeze Steve Buscemis strange, beautiful face into your thesis somehow.(Photo: David Shankbone/wikimedia) Are there special rules for this, you may be wondering? You bet there are, sonny! Herein, for instance, we take a look at how to cite a motion picture or TV show with APA referencing. Citing a Motion Picture You might think this is only relevant if you’re studying film and media, but it can also be crucial in many subject areas (e.g., if you want to quote something from a documentary). The in-text citation format to use here is similar to that used for print sources, except that you name the producer and director instead of the author, along with the year of release: Renà © Griffiths eventually found success in South America (Ramasut Goch, 2010). This is accompanied by full detail of the source in the reference list, using the following format: Last Name, Initial(s). (Producer), Last Name, Initial(s). (Director). (Year). Title [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio or distributor. In the case of the documentary cited above, this would appear as: Ramasut, C. (Producer), Goch, D. (Director). (2010). Separado! [Motion picture]. United Kingdom: Soda Pictures. Citing a TV Show The format for citing a TV show depends on whether it’s a one-off broadcast, a single episode of a series or a complete series. For each, however, in-text citations require you to name an authority (e.g. a director, writer or producer) and a year of broadcast: The game itself was preceded by a six-hour pre-game show (Esocoff, 2015). For a one-off broadcast, include the following in the reference list: Last Name, Initial(s). (Title of Authority). (Year, Month Day). Title of show [Television broadcast]. Location of broadcasting company: Broadcasting Company. The show cited above would therefore appear as: Esocoff, D. (Director). (2015, February 1). Super Bowl XLIX [Television broadcast]. Stamford: NBC Sports. The highlight of Super Bowl XLIX was when everyone fell over, creating a big heap of sweaty sport men. If you’re citing a series as a whole, the format changes slightly: Last Name, Initial(s). (Title of Authority). (Year of First Series). Title of series [Television series]. Location of broadcasting company: Broadcasting Company. When citing a particular episode, the details are included before the series information: Last Name, Initial(s). (Writer), Last Name, Initial(s). (Director). (Year). Title of episode [Television series episode]. In Name of Producer (Producer), Title of series. Location of broadcasting company: Broadcasting Company. As such, an episode of the show Last Week Tonight would appear in the reference list as: Avery, K. (Writer), Perota, J. (Director). (2014). Military translators [Television series episode]. In J. Oliver (Executive Producer), Last week tonight. New York: HBO. Time Stamps If youre referencing a particular section of a movie or TV show, you’ll need to include a timestamp in the citation, just as you’d give page numbers when quoting a print source. This involves indicating the time at which the relevant section begins: Rhys ends his search at the final residence of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (Ramasut Goch, 2010, 1:17:20). The citation above, for instance, shows that the section in question starts at one hour, seventeen minutes and twenty seconds into the video, making it easier to find the information referenced. Separado! is presented by a Welsh rock star who teleports using a magical Power Rangers helmet. Its awesome. (Image: Soda Pictures)

Irrealis Were - Definition and Examples

Irrealis 'Were' s Definition In English grammar, irrealis involves the  use of were with a  subject  in the  first-person  singular or third-person singular  to  refer to an unreal or hypothetical condition or eventone thats not true or that hasnt occurred (e.g., If I  were  you, Id go home). In contrast to the more common use of were as a past-tense form (e.g., They were lost), irrealis were is a nontensed mood form, similar to the subjunctive. Irrealis  were  is sometimes called the were-subjunctive or (somewhat misleadingly) the past subjective. As Huddleston and Pullum point out, Irrealis were does not refer to past time, and there is no synchronic reason to analyse it as a past tense form (The Cambridge Grammar Of The English Language, 2002). Defined more broadly, irrealis refers to an event that hasnt occurred (or at least hasnt yet occurred), while realis refers to an event that has occurred. Examples and Observations I was telling Grant that  if I were an  alien and I came down to earth from some far-off planet, there are a few things I would notice about people, and the first thing I would notice is the way they looked, that is, if people looked different on my planet.(Donald Miller, Blue Like Jazz. Thomas Nelson, 2003)Roxanne stood talking to him with one long-nailed hand on his shoulder, the other at her hip as  if she were a  model at a trade show trying to sell him the grill.(Kate Milliken, The Whole World.  If Id Known You Were Coming. The University of Iowa Press, 2013)They took to looking at him as  if he were  on the other side of a dirty window.(Kate Milliken, Inheritance.If Id Known You Were Coming. The University of Iowa Press, 2013) If I werent  so broke and unsettled, Id adopt a dog tomorrow.(Andrea Meyer, Room for Love. St. Martins Griffin, 2007) Moodiness: The Subjunctive and the Irrealis Were Traditional grammarians get tripped up by the verb be because they have to squeeze two different forms, be and were (as in If I were free), into a single slot called subjunctive. Sometimes they call be the present subjunctive and were the past subjunctive, but in reality theres no difference in tense between them. Rather, the two belong to different moods: whether he be rich or poor is subjunctive; If I were a rich man is irrealis (not real). . . . In English [the irrealis] exists only in the form were, where it conveys factual remoteness: an irrealis proposition is not just hypothetical (the speaker does not know whether it is true or false) but counterfactual (the speaker believes its false). Tevye the Milkman [in the musical Fiddler on the Roof] was emphatically not a rich man, nor were Tim Hardin, Bobby Darin, Johnny Cash, or Robert Plant (all of whom sang If I Were a Carpenter) in any doubt as to whether they were carpenters. Counterfactual, by the way, need not mean outlandisho ne can say If she were half an inch taller, that dress would be perfectit just means known to be not the case. (Steven Pinker, The Sense of Style. Viking, 2014) An Exceptional Form This use of were is highly exceptional: there is no other verb in the language where the modal remoteness meaning is expressed by a different inflectional form from the past time meaning. The irrealis mood form is unique to be, and limited to the 1st and 3rd person singular. It is an untidy relic of an earlier system, and some speakers usually, if not always, use preterite was instead. (Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum,  A Students Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 2005) AlsoSee Past SubjunctiveSubjunctive Mood

Character changes in Macbeth

Character changes in Macbeth Essay In Shakespeares play Macbeth we see the main character, Macbeth changes from a well-regarded and loyal soldier of the Scottish king to a murderous tyrant. At the start of the play Macbeth is courageous, ambitious, superstitious and devoted to his wife. These characteristics are shown through the victory against the rebels, Macbeths trust in the witches and his letter to his wife. In the second half of the play Macbeth becomes cruel and treacherous, insecure and distant from Lady Macbeth. The events that show this change are the murders Macbeth commits, his voluntary return to the witches and his reaction to his wifes death. One of the first events of the play occurs when King Duncans army, led by Macbeth and Banquo defeat the rebels. Macbeth fought ferociously, risking his own life to save his country. King Duncan praises noble Macbeth. Macbeth is seen as a strong soldier who is loyal and courageous, a truly heroic figure. To Duncan he was the worthiest cousin; to the wounded sergea nt Valours minion; to Banquo, My noble partner. King Duncan cannot reward him enough for all he has done. More is thy due than more than all can pay. Macbeth is made Thane of Cawdor, but begins to be tempted by his own vaulting ambition to become king. Another characteristic of Macbeth is his striving ambition and curious nature, which leads him and his partner Banquo to the witches who give him a prophecy. Banquo realises that there must be a trick hidden in the witches prophecies but Macbeth refuses to accept that. Macbeth chooses to let the witches influence him, but Banquo does not. This event showed Macbeth was superstitious because he trusted the witches. The witches prophecies stroked the fires of his ambition to be king.Macbeth was also devoted to his wife. He told his wife everything and confided in her via a secret letter. Macbeth even called his wife my dearest partner of greatness. This proves the affection and trust he had in Lady Macbeth. Together they plot to murder D uncan. Lady Macbeth and Macbeths own ambition are influences of evil that Macbeth chooses to accept. Macbeth also accepts advice from his wife. Lady Macbeth gets him to act by appealing to his manhood and courage, When you durst do it more the man., showing Macbeth is morally weak. He is very hesitant about killing the king though, showing he has a conscience. However, Macbeth begins to act alone, and Lady Macbeth loses her control over him. He follows his murder of Duncan with the quick murder of the two sleepy grooms. Macbeth becomes cruel and treacherous; the voice of conscience within him is gone; he no longer hesitates to follow courses of evil: The very firstlings of my heart shall be The firstlings of my hand. He does not need to be urged to the deed in planning the murder of Banquo and of Fleance. Macbeth fears Banquo because he recognises in him a moral courage, which he lacked Banquo kept his bosom franchised and allegiance clear. Macbeth also believed the prophecy that Banquos descendants would become king. He had become obsessed with his own safety. Macbeths imagination and insecurity is shown when the ghost of Banquo appeared at the banquet. His degradation carries him to the level where he vents his savage frenzy upon the innocent heads of His Macduffs wife, his babes for no reason, but his savage determination to maintain t he throne. These murders show the insecurity that was present in Macbeth. READ: The Moment Of Truth: Happy Ending EssayMacbeth voluntarily and deliberately returns to the witches alone. This time he is more assertive towards them. He is not over awed and he demands to know if Banquos descendants will become kings. The witches deliberately mislead Macbeth but he believes them, showing his overconfidence. Later, Macbeth becomes distant and cold towards Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth can no longer control Macbeth, and after killing Duncan he begins to act alone. Macbeth even tells the doctor to cure her of her mental illness, and makes no effort himself to help cure her. When Lady Macbeth dies, Macbeth states She should have died hereafter. There would have been time for such a word. He hears the news of his wifes death and reacts nonchalant and unemotionally. But Macbeth is still a tragic hero because he reveals to us that he is suffering a living hell, without the blessing of sleep that knits up the ravelld sleave of care. His punishment is as great as his crimes. At the end Macbeth does not run away or kill himself. Although Macbeth knows that he is doomed, he fights Macduff to the end, showing he is still courageous and physically brave. Once the saviour of his country, a valiant cousin! a worthy gentleman, Macbeth became the dead butcher, allowing ambition to overcome the natural order of life. Bibliography:

Wage Differential between the Sexes Research Paper - 1

Wage Differential between the Sexes - Research Paper Example Total experience was obtained by adding ‘months since hire’ and ‘previous Experience’ This study utilized secondary sources for data collection. The use of secondary data is useful because it is cost-efficient and saves time for the independent researcher (Glaser, 1963; Hyman, 1978; Hayashi, 2000). The independent researcher has limited financial resources because he or she works alone. Such researchers are usually professionals who attempt to research some significant social problem on a part-time basis. A two-step attempt was made to discover if the income of professional females increases at the same rate as that of males with comparable education as the experience increase. During the first step, the existence and strength of a relationship between salary and experience for male and female professionals with a given university degree in a specific job were researched using correlational methodology. During the second step, a comparison was made between the incomes of males and females with the same experience. Attainment of an educational degree was held constant for each given professional position. The correlational research method was selected as the primary methodology because of its ability to discover relationships among logical variables (Wooldridge, 2008). It appears that there is a lack of congruence in the literature in establishing an association between the level of income, experience, and gender, and also a lack of significant research efforts towards establishing a link between income and experience by gender identification, therefore, the hypothesis was stated as a null hypothesis (Albrect et al., 2003; Atkinson et al., 2003; Blau et al., 2006).

Sequestration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sequestration - Essay Example Sequestration idea was implemented as part of 2011-budget control act. In fact, both parties agreed that approximately $1 trillion to be cut from the federal government; however, they did not agree on the next steps to salvage the nations fiscal budget (Genovese, 2010). Moreover, there some quarters that proposed the increment of the national borrowing toward creating defaults that could have emerged from the damages of the Sequestration. Borrowing from the Reagan era law, there was an argument that there was needed to achieve goals including raising the borrowing limit but improving the national fiscal standing (Genovese, 2010). Sequestration idea is simple; it only calls for scheduling for automatic cuts for the future national budgets. However, Sequestration may be harmful for everyone; therefore, the congress should implement better and smoother cuts before implementing Sequestration fully (Genovese, 2010). Sequestration was planned to start this year but the lawmakers have delayed it; nonetheless, it is expected to take effect as of this

Culture of Tears Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Culture of Tears - Research Paper Example The word cry has been mentioned in 168 verses in the bible and a total of 181 times. Crieth is a word that has been mentioned 17 times each in a different verse from the other, while the word cry appears once within the bible. That is not the end. The word cried has been mentioned in 195 verses and the total number of times it is mentioned adds up to 199 times. For 49 times, the word weep has been mentioned within 45 bible verses while weepest appears 3 times each in a different bible verse from the other. Weepeth appears in 41 verses of the Bible and total number of times t has been mentioned is 44 (Donald, 2008). All these words mean the same thing, to sum up, it is evident that the term tears and other words that are associated appear 534 times in the bible in 354 verses of the bible. This information gives people a very familiar theme of tears that is found all through the bible. In fact, weeping is associated with notable God’s servants explained in the bible (Donald, 200 8). The Lord himself happened to be a man of tears. Today Jews and other societies have adopted a different culture where crying portrayed to be a girlish thing. It is acceptable for women and girls. This is by far different from what is seen in the bible. It is an incorrect teaching since within the bible tears are accepted and highly praised or much admired. The heavy, as well as the continued trials through which many God’s people have gone through, are teachings of the believers on the need to be patient and silent under light suffering. Yet believers are even tempted to repine as well as despond. David comforts himself, at the time of fear and distress that God took notice of all his griefs as well as all his grievances. â€Å"You have taken account of my wanderings; Put my tears in Your bottle. Are they not in Your book? God has book and a bottle for the tears of his people, both the tears for his people’s sins as well as those for their suffering.  

Edward Muybridge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Edward Muybridge - Essay Example Muybridge through a series of photographs featuring a galloping horse supported Stanford’s assertion of how during a full gallop, the horse’s front and the hind legs extended maximally, thereby making it off the ground. Muybridge further supported this assertion of â€Å"unsupported transit† through the use of more technical equipments, like zoopraxiscope. It is â€Å"a lantern he developed that projected images in rapid succession onto a screen from photographs printed on a rotating glass disc, producing the illusion of moving pictures.† (â€Å"Eadweard Muybridge†). When he showed the horses’ gallop in a fast moving manner through zoopraxiscope, he was able to convince many regarding the unsupported transit theory. Thus, Muybridge photographic study on animal locomotion is a path breaking one, not attempted by other photographs and it led to the formation of various give scientific theories regarding animal locomotion. In addition, it also h ad cultural impacts in the way horses were looked and trained. Muybridge’s development of Zoopraxiscope and the resultant running images acted as the inspiration for the development of movie cameras and thereby development of cinemas. â€Å"Zoopraxiscope is an important predecessor of the modern cinema† (â€Å"Eadweard Muybridge†). Although we know Lumiere Brothers has the developers of the first cinema, the role of Muybridge in that evolution cannot be overlooked. George Melies – early film Georges Melies was a French magician and filmmaker, who is known for his innovative technical tricks in filmmaking, and other narrative developments during the initial stages of filmmaking. He started his foray into the entertainment business by purchasing Theatre Robert Houdin. There he conducted performances which revolved around magic tricks as well as illusionist techniques, thereby bringing out an interesting aspect of French Culture. When the Lumiere brothers sh owcased their first moving picture and the camera, which captured those pictures, Melies wanted to buy that camera. As there was no favorable response from the Lumiere brothers, Melies purchased another motion picture camera from UK, and started making his own films. â€Å"Melies' first films were straightforward cityscapes and event films, but soon he was using the camera to document magic acts and gags from the stage of the Theatre Robert-Houdin† (Larson). Even while making those sorts of films, purely by accident Melies discovered how the camera can be manipulated to create special efforts. He expanded those initial tricks to come up with complex special effects. It was widely regarded that he only pioneered the first double exposure shots, the first split screen with actors acting opposite of themselves, and also the first dissolve through double or multiple exposure shots, â€Å"he was able to create an illusion of people and objects appearing and disappearing at will, or changing from one form to another.† (Larson). In addition, Melies was one of the key pioneers who by editing or stringing a series of independently shot scenes, made it into sizably long short films. Although, Mielies was not able to continuously achieve success in the cinema field, his is still regarded as one of the pioneers of the camera based special effects. . Shepard Fairey –

Ethics in the workplace Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics in the workplace - Coursework Example The Pregnancy Discrimination Act, however, protects women from discrimination during their pregnancy, a time at which their output can be limited (Niles, 2013). Americans with Disability Act (1990) and Rehabilitation Act (1973) are the most important labor laws to the disabled employee. Provisions of the rehabilitation act seek to ensure that employees with disabilities, and who work in specific category or organizations, access healthcare facilities form their employer. The Americans with Disability Act, however, ensures reasonable treatment of disabled employees (Niles, 2013). Civil Rights Act (1964) is the most important labor law to the African American because among other provisions, the law protects people against race-based discrimination during hiring and during employment (Niles, 2013). The Civil Rights Act (1964) is also the most important legislation to the Muslim employee who may be susceptible to religion-based discrimination that could occur during hiring and during employment (Niles,

Culture of Tears Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Culture of Tears - Research Paper Example The word cry has been mentioned in 168 verses in the bible and a total of 181 times. Crieth is a word that has been mentioned 17 times each in a different verse from the other, while the word cry appears once within the bible. That is not the end. The word cried has been mentioned in 195 verses and the total number of times it is mentioned adds up to 199 times. For 49 times, the word weep has been mentioned within 45 bible verses while weepest appears 3 times each in a different bible verse from the other. Weepeth appears in 41 verses of the Bible and total number of times t has been mentioned is 44 (Donald, 2008). All these words mean the same thing, to sum up, it is evident that the term tears and other words that are associated appear 534 times in the bible in 354 verses of the bible. This information gives people a very familiar theme of tears that is found all through the bible. In fact, weeping is associated with notable God’s servants explained in the bible (Donald, 200 8). The Lord himself happened to be a man of tears. Today Jews and other societies have adopted a different culture where crying portrayed to be a girlish thing. It is acceptable for women and girls. This is by far different from what is seen in the bible. It is an incorrect teaching since within the bible tears are accepted and highly praised or much admired. The heavy, as well as the continued trials through which many God’s people have gone through, are teachings of the believers on the need to be patient and silent under light suffering. Yet believers are even tempted to repine as well as despond. David comforts himself, at the time of fear and distress that God took notice of all his griefs as well as all his grievances. â€Å"You have taken account of my wanderings; Put my tears in Your bottle. Are they not in Your book? God has book and a bottle for the tears of his people, both the tears for his people’s sins as well as those for their suffering.  

Ethics in the workplace Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics in the workplace - Coursework Example The Pregnancy Discrimination Act, however, protects women from discrimination during their pregnancy, a time at which their output can be limited (Niles, 2013). Americans with Disability Act (1990) and Rehabilitation Act (1973) are the most important labor laws to the disabled employee. Provisions of the rehabilitation act seek to ensure that employees with disabilities, and who work in specific category or organizations, access healthcare facilities form their employer. The Americans with Disability Act, however, ensures reasonable treatment of disabled employees (Niles, 2013). Civil Rights Act (1964) is the most important labor law to the African American because among other provisions, the law protects people against race-based discrimination during hiring and during employment (Niles, 2013). The Civil Rights Act (1964) is also the most important legislation to the Muslim employee who may be susceptible to religion-based discrimination that could occur during hiring and during employment (Niles,

Term Paper for Political Science Essay Example for Free

Term Paper for Political Science Essay The study of the state, government, and politics. The idea that the study of politics should be ‘scientific’ has excited controversy for centuries. What is at stake is the nature of our political knowledge, but the content of the argument has varied enormously. For example, 1741 when Hume published his essay, ‘That Politics May Be Reduced to a Science’, his concerns were very different from those of people who have sought to reduce politics to a science in the twentieth century. Although concerned to some degree to imitate the paradigm of Newtonian physics, Humes main objective was to show that some constitutions necessarily worked better than others and that politics was not just a question of personalities. Thus one of his main targets was the famous couplet in Alexander Popes Essay on Man: ‘For forms of government let fools contest,? |? Whateer is best administerd is best. ’ B. The Problem In 1968, the eminent political scientist David Easton wrote: Political Science in mid-twentieth century is a discipline in search of its identity. Through the efforts to solve this identity crisis it has begun to show evidence of emerging as an autonomous and independent discipline with a systematic structure of its own. However, the search for identity has been characteristic of political science from its inception on the American scene. Initially, the discipline was confronted with the task of demarcating its intellectual boundaries and severing its organizational ties from other academic fields, particularly history. Subsequently, debate arose over goals, methods, and appropriate subject matter as political scientists tried to resolve the often conflicting objectives of its four main scholarly traditions: (1) legalism, or constitutionalism; (2) activism and reform; (3) philosophy, or the history of political ideas; and (4) science. By the late twentieth century, the discipline had evolved through four periods outlined by Albert Somit and Joseph Tanenhaus in their informative work The Development of American Political Science: From Burgess to Behavioralism (1967). The four periods are the formative (1880–1903), the emergent (1903–1921), the middle years (1921–1945), and disciplinary maturity (1945–1990). It follows from this Kantian conception of the basis of science that there can only be one science, which is physics. This science applies just as much to people, who are physical beings, as it does to asteroids: like the theistic God, Kantian physics is unique or it is not itself. Biology, chemistry, engineering et al. re forms of physics, related and reducible to the fundamental constituents of the universe. The social studies are not, according to critics of political science, and become merely narrow and sterile if they attempt to ape the methods and assumptions of the natural sciences. The understanding we seek of human beings must appreciate their individual uniqueness and freedom of will; understanding people is based on our ability to see events from their point of view, the kind of insight that Weber called verstehen. In short, the distinction between science and non-science, in its most significant sense, is a distinction between the natural sciences and the humanities; the two are fundamentally different and politics is a human discipline. However, there are a number of objections to this harsh dichotomy between politics and science. Semantically, it might be said, this account reads too much into the concept of science which, etymologically, indicates only a concern with knowledge in virtually any sense. Wissenschaft in German, scienza in Italian, and science in French do not raise the profound philosophical questions which have been attached to the English word science. There are also many contemporary philosophers who seek to undermine the scientific nature of natural science. Inspired, particularly, by Thomas Kuhns The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) they argue that science itself is not determined by the absolute requirements of its discourse, but is structured by the societies in which it operates. Thus real physics is more like politics than it is like the Kantian ideal of physics, and it has no more claim to be a science than has politics. B . What are the four main scholarly traditions of Political science? C. What is legalism? D. What is constitutionalism? E. What is activism and reform? F. What is philosophy? G. The history of political ideas? H. Science C. Statement of the Problem (1) Legalism, or constitutionalism; (2) Activism and reform; (3) Philosophy, or the history of political ideas; and (4) Science. Legalism, Legalism is a political philosophy that does not address higher questions pertaining to the nature and purpose of existence. It is concerned with the most effective way of governing society. The legalist tradition derives from the principle that the best way to control human behaviour is through written law rather than through ritual, custom or ethics. The two principal sources of Legalist doctrine were the Book of Lord Shang and the Han Fei-tzu. The Book of Lord Shang teaches that laws are designed to maintain the stability of the state from the people, who are innately selfish and ignorant. There is no such thing as objective goodness or virtue; it is obedience that is of paramount importance. The Han Fei-tzu advocates a system of laws that enable the ruler to govern efficiently and even ruthlessly. Text books apart from law books are useless, and rival philosophies such as Moism and Confucianism are dismissed as vermin. The ruler is to conduct himself with great shrewdness, keeping his ministers and family at a distance and not revealing his intentions. Strong penalties should deter people from committing crime. History The origins of Legalist thought are unclear. Some would date it as far back as the teaching of the 7th century BCE statesman Kuan Chung (d. 645 BCE), prime minister of the state of Chi, whose teachings are supposed to be represented by the Kuan-tzu. Other figures associated with an early form of legalism are Shang Yang (d. 338 BCE), the putative author of The Book of Lord Shang, and Shen Pu-hai (d. 337 BCE). Shang Yang was particularly important for the development of legalism since it was he who served as governor of the state of Chin and strengthened it to the extent that it was able to unify China in the following century. It was, however, Han Fei-tzu (d. 33 BCE) who systematised the various strands of Legalism in his work The Han Fei-tzu. Han Fei-tzu had been taught by the Confucianist Hsun-tzu, whose philosophy claimed that people were basically evil but could be guided towards goodness. Han Fei-tzu adopted and developed Hsun-tzus negative pessimistic attitude towards human nature by teaching that people were so bad that t hey needed to be controlled by strong government and strict laws. This principle was put into practice by the Chin dynasty, which on unifying China in 221 BCE, destroyed the feudal system and placed the country under a single monarch. Under the Chin dynasty land was privatised, a uniform law code was established, and weights, measures and currency were standardised. Confucianism was severely persecuted; hundreds of Confucian scholars were killed and virtually all Confucian texts were destroyed. The two most powerful figures in the Ching dynasty were Chin Shih Huang Ti (d. 210 BCE), the first emperor, and the prime minister, Li Ssu (d. 208 BCE). The death of Li Ssu created a power vacuum which led to peasant uprisings and rebellions that broke out all over the country. In 207 BCE the Chin dynasty was overthrown and replaced by the Han dynasty, which favoured Confucianism. The viciousness of the Chin dynasty served to discredit Legalism. In spite of this legalism left its heritage in the form of a strongly centralised political system that would define Chinese government up until the present day and influence despotic Chinese rulers. When, for example, in 1973 Mao Tse Tung launched a campaign against his political opponents he identified himself with the first Chin emperor. Activism and reform Activism onsists of intentional efforts to promote, impede or direct social, political, economic, or environmental change. Activism can take a wide range of forms from writing letters to newspapers or politicians, political campaigning, economic activism such as boycotts or preferentially patronizing businesses, rallies, street marches, strikes, sit-ins, and hunger strikes. Activists can function in roles as public officials, as in judicial activism. Arthur Schlesinger Jr. introduced the term judicial activism in a January 1947 Fortune magazine article titled The Supreme Court: 1947. Philosophy s the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. The word philosophy comes from the Greek (philosophia), which literally means love of wisdom. Science (from Latin scientia, meaning knowledge) is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. In an older and closely related meaning (found, for example, in Aristotle), science refers to the body of reliable knowledge itself, of the type that can be logically and rationally explained (see History and philosophy below). Since classical antiquity science as a type of knowledge was closely linked to philosophy. In the early modern era the words science and philosophy were sometimes used interchangeably in the English language. By the 17th century, natural philosophy (which is today called natural science) was considered a separate branch of philosophy. However, science continued to be used in a broad sense denoting reliable knowledge about a topic, in the same way it is still used in modern terms such as library science or political science. In modern use, science more often refers to a way of pursuing knowledge, not only the knowledge itself. It is often treated as synonymous with ‘natural and physical science’, and thus restricted to those branches of study that relate to the phenomena of the material universe and their laws, sometimes with implied exclusion of pure mathematics. This is now the dominant sense in ordinary use. D. Importance of the Study While both behaviorism and positive political theory exemplify the commitment to scientific rigor hoped for by Charles Merriam, the Cold War development of area studies had a less direct relationship to its predecessors. Prior to World War II, Americans had been inwardly focused; during this earlier era, comparative politics signified contrasting European parliamentary-style democracy with the American presidential model. However, with the rise of Adolf Hitlers Germany and Joseph Stalins Soviet Union in the 1930s and 1940s, it became evident that democracy needed to be assessed in comparison to fascism and totalitarianism. As the world broke into the two camps of Eastern communism and Western democracy in the 1950s and 1960s, and American political leaders required detailed knowledge of Eastern bloc nations and of Southeast Asia, political science departments and specialized institutes responded to this need. These undertakings were generously funded by the National Defense Education Act (NDEA); from 1958 to 1973 the NDEA Title IV provided $68. 5 million to the approximately 100 language and area centers. By 1973, these centers had produced 35,500 B. A. s, 14,700 M. A. s, and over 5,000 Ph. D. s. Area studies focused on questions of modernization and industrialization and strove to understand the differing developmental logic of non-Western cultures; they embraced diverse methods for understanding native languages and native cultures and remained skeptical of approaches to comparative politics adopting universalizing assumptions. Lucian W. Pye, Robert E. Ward, and Samuel P. Huntington championed the approach, with Huntingtons Clash of Civilizations (1996) epitomizing the perspective afforded by the field. E. Definition of Terms Legalism, Legalism is a political philosophy that does not address higher questions pertaining to the nature and purpose of existence. It is concerned with the most effective way of governing society. The legalist tradition derives from the principle that the best way to control human behaviour is through written law rather than through ritual, custom or ethics. The two principal sources of Legalist doctrine were the Book of Lord Shang and the Han Fei-tzu. The Book of Lord Shang teaches that laws are designed to maintain the stability of the state from the people, who are innately selfish and ignorant. There is no such thing as objective goodness or virtue; it is obedience that is of paramount importance. The Han Fei-tzu advocates a system of laws that enable the ruler to govern efficiently and even ruthlessly. Text books apart from law books are useless, and rival philosophies such as Moism and Confucianism are dismissed as vermin. The ruler is to conduct himself with great shrewdness, keeping his ministers and family at a distance and not revealing his intentions. Strong penalties should deter people from committing crime. Activism and reform Activism onsists of intentional efforts to promote, impede or direct social, political, economic, or environmental change. Activism can take a wide range of forms from writing letters to newspapers or politicians, political campaigning, economic activism such as boycotts or preferentially patronizing businesses, rallies, street marches, strikes, sit-ins, and hunger strikes. Activists can function in roles as public officials, as in judicial activism. Arthur Schlesinger Jr. introduced the term judicial activism in a January 1947 Fortune magazine article titled The Supreme Court: 1947. Philosophy s the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. The word philosophy comes from the Greek (philosophia), which literally means love of wisdom. Science (from Latin scientia, meaning knowledge) is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of te stable explanations and predictions about the universe. In an older and closely related meaning (found, for example, in Aristotle), science refers to the body of reliable knowledge itself, of the type that can be logically and rationally explained (see History and philosophy below). Since classical antiquity science as a type of knowledge was closely linked to philosophy. In the early modern era the words science and philosophy were sometimes used interchangeably in the English language. By the 17th century, natural philosophy (which is today called natural science) was considered a separate branch of philosophy. However, science continued to be used in a broad sense denoting reliable knowledge about a topic, in the same way it is still used in modern terms such as library science or political science. In modern use, science more often refers to a way of pursuing knowledge, not only the knowledge itself. It is often treated as synonymous with ‘natural and physical science’, and thus restricted to those branches of study that relate to the phenomena of the material universe and their laws, sometimes with implied exclusion of pure mathematics. This is now the dominant sense in ordinary use. F. Review of the Related Study In the 1990s, disciplinary divisions existed over the efficacy and merits of the rational choice approach to politics, with many American political science departments divided into camps for and against. In leading centers for rational choice, including Rochester, Carnegie Mellon, California Institute of Technology, and George Washington, as many as half of the faculty adopted this method of study. Disciplinary controversy culminated in the publication of Donald P. Green and Ian Shapiros Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory (1994), and the responding issue of Critical Review (winter-spring 1995). Whereas the future of this disciplinary strife remains unclear, it is clear that the rational choice theory has an ascendant position across the social sciences and in the spheres of business, law, and public policy. American political science continues to question its identity, and to reflect on appropriate research methodology; methodological pluralism continues to reign. The fields continued self-examination reflects three independent axes. One embodies the two extremes of particular and localized studies versus universalizing analyses; a second is defined by the extremes of considering either groups or individuals as the key to analysis; and a third is represented by the belief that a normative stance is unavoidable at one extreme, and by a firm commitment to the possibility of objectivity at the other extreme. In the midst of the numerous topics and methods structuring political science, one certainty is that it is no longer possible for a single individual to master the entire field. G. Summary he study of government and political processes, institutions, and behavior. Government and politics have been studied and commented on since the time of the ancient Greeks. However, it is only with the general systematization of the social sciences in the last 100 years that political science has emerged as a separate definable area of study. Political science is commonly divided into a number of subfields, the most prominent being political theory, national government, comparative government, international relations, and special areas shared with other social sciences such as sociology, psychology, and economics. In practice, these subfields overlap. Political theory encompasses the following related areas: the study of the history of political thought; the examination of questions of justice and morality in the context of the relationships between individuals, society, and government; and the formulation of conceptual approaches and models in order to understand more fully political and governmental processes. The study of national government focuses on the political system of the researchers particular country, including the legal and constitutional arrangements and institutions; the interaction of various levels of government, other social and political groups, and the individual; and proposals for improving governmental structure and policy. Comparative government covers many of the same subjects but from the perspective of parallel political behavior in several countries, regions, or time periods. International relations deals both with the more traditional areas of study, such as international law, diplomacy, political economy, international organizations, and other forms of contact between nation states, and with the development of general, scientific models of international political systems. None of the political science subfields can be clearly separated. All of them, for example, deal with questions closely associated with political theory. Valuable and sophisticated discussions of almost all the areas of political science, including the areas now generally classified under such titles as political sociology, can be found throughout intellectual history as far back as Plato and Aristotle. Through the centuries, the questions of political science have been discussed in contexts varying with the changing perspectives of the time. During the Middle Ages, for example, the major concerns revolved around the problem of where the state stood in relation to man and his God. Karl Marx, on the other hand, viewed political questions in the context of societys economic structure. Modern political science stresses the importance of using political concepts and models that are subject to empirical validation and that may be employed in solving practical political problems. H. Conclusion and recommendation This research is all about the study of the state, government, and politics. The idea that the study of politics should be ‘scientific’ has excited controversy for centuries. What is at stake is the nature of our political knowledge, but the content of the argument has varied enormously.

Impacts on Student Learning and Academic Achievement

Impacts on Student Learning and Academic Achievement Education is the most important part of life to uphold intelligence and human can increase knowledge through which an individual move the world for good and sinful on the basis of his wishes. Education, in fact, is one of the major life processes of human beings, as there are other vital processes to live likewise education, are also a vital process in every aspect of human life. (Ahmer. F Anwer. E, 2013) There are many factors which effects on students learning and academic achievement including student performance, teacher role, family support, school environment, peer relationship and the most important factor is the socioeconomic status of parents. According to Mehmood and Saifi (2011), socioeconomic status is a combined measure of an individual’s or family’s economic and social position relative to others, based on income, education, and occupation.† The home environment is influenced by the factors such as parent’s education, occupation, income, and facilities provided to their children. All these factors together can be defined by a single term the â€Å"socio-economic status† (SES) of parents. Thus we can say that the socioeconomic status of parents affects the performance, learning and academic achievement of students. I have selected this topic because of the multiple reasons; the reason is that being a student I have also face many hurdles during my studies till now so those movements force me to choose this topic. Like me, most of the students in our society also face financial problems. So due to low socioeconomic status students cannot compete and unable to achieve their goal. In addition, they become dependent on parents and parents make decisions for them. Moreover many students end up with psychological problems like stress and depression due to the financial crisis and they can’t achieve their ultimate goal. It is generally said that the performance of students in academic depends on the socioeconomic status of their parents. Higher the socioeconomic status the better exposure to learning facilities. If parents are well educated and economically stable they afford their children to get a better education and they always support their children what they want to do. As in literature, it is also stated that well-educated parents ensure their children’s future earning by providing them auspicious learning environment but the students who belong to a low socioeconomic status family even they can’t afford their basic needs. Such students do not have access to learning facilities. (Ahmer. F Anwer. E, 2013). Research shows that students from lower socioeconomic background faced a higher risk of low achievement as compared to students from a higher socioeconomic background. Home environment and parents education are directly effect on students learning. (Nasreen. A, 2013). So the environment at home is the basic learning unit and effects a child interest and ambitions for the future. If we look upon on our society most people are more interested in rich people and they show more respect towards them and their children. So research shows that lower Socioeconomic status students have lower and lower academic achievement as compared with students of higher Socio-economic status. When a teacher makes a decision about students based on their class and Socio-economic status, they are taking the first step in checking students from having an equal opportunity for academic achievement. Ghazi et al. (2013). Due to teachers stigma mostly students suffered from their studies and they cannot show good performance in education. So its educators responsibility to overcome this stigma of poverty and help those students to boost up their hidden talent. Being a citizen of a developing country almost more than half of the total population is living in rural areas and they mostly belong to the low socioeconomic family. As our country is on the list of poor countries where the majority of the population belongs to low socioeconomic status. So it’s very difficult for parents to fulfil all the needs of their children. Poverty is the main problem which has a direct effect on students learning especially when it occurs early in the child’s life. When it remains throughout their life it influences child development in different ways, like the physical and mental health of the child as well as it influences on parents health also. It also influences child affective interactions. According to Karwowski (2012), Parents’ social position influences many aspects of their childrens school careers. The higher social position of parents of children with disabilities may make it easier for them to meet their costly needs, as well as to act as they support their children in contacts with educational institutions and to help them in their studies. I have also experienced this kind of situation in my school life. When I completed my secondary education with good grades, I got admission in Aga Khan higher secondary school but unfortunately, at that time, my father lost his job. At that time I had no any option to get admission even I couldn’t continue my studies and I missed one year and I felt at that time. Even I didn’t talk to my family members and it was a moment of disappointment for me and the family as well. At that time I consulted a counsellor who advised me to continue my studies in another college. After all these situations I realized the importance of socioeconomic status.at that time I became very sad because it was very difficult for me to cope with that situation. Due to the economic crises, I had to leave my previous school which was at the top level in our area. In literature, it is also stated that parents income level is an important factor that affects the academic achievement and performance o f their children. If the parents earn good and adequate than there would be less stress for the parents as well as for their children. They will provide learning resources easily to their children. While parents with low income, they cannot afford easily their children such a learning environment which becomes a barrier in the learning process. (Ahmad. I Khan.N, 2012). In addition, low income of parents also leads to conflicts in families due to lack of access to basic needs of their children. So the students who belong to a low socioeconomic status they cannot get a quality education and they cannot access new technology facilities like the internet to get information and they are unable to acquire new technology. As in a research among the students of a university in Sargodha shows that students who are getting facilities of new technology show high grades and they show better performance as compared to those students who belong to low socioeconomic status. Azher et al,. (2013). Another factor which affects students learning and academic achievement is parents education. Educated parents can easily understand the basic needs and important resources for their children. For the progress of any individual education plays a vital role in their life. According to Ahmad and Khan (2012), parent’s education level play an important role in the academic performance of their children. Because educated parents can easily manage the difficulties in any mode of their children’s education and they know how to encourage to create interest in the academic performance. Educated parents can easily manage their timetable to check and balance their daily activities.in addition, especially mother education is very important for child development which has a big effect on a child’s performance and academic achievement. According to Lacour. M Laura. D (2011). It is stated that mother education has an important effect on children’s score rather than parents income. The mother’s educational level has 20% higher efficiency than the father’s education level on the academic achievement of students. Another negative effect of low socioeconomic status is the cognitive development of children. Most parents use alcohol and other substance like cigarettes to cope up with stress during financial crises as I encountered such a client in my neighbour who always drinks alcohol when he faces any problem. He has two children and both are not good at their studies. Both of them always missed their classes and they even cannot solve simple mathematics problems. According to Brogan (2009). The families among low socioeconomic status there are more incidents of substance abuse, which effects on their child’s cognitive development. Especially if any mothers use alcohol during pregnancy their children are more prone to attention problems and the children with premature birth develop neurological problems like mental retardation. They also cause lessened brain development. All these problems lead to learning and performance disabilities which effects on academic achievement of children. Being a nursing student it’s our responsibility to teach about the importance of education for the better development of child and family. Another important factor is parent’s income which influences a student’s performance, therefore, it is recommended that the government should take some serious initiatives to provide jobs to people and raise the socioeconomic status of people. The government should provide financial support and should give scholarship especially to those who cannot afford the expenses of education. Mass media also play an important role in the awareness among people regarding the poor literacy condition in our country on account of socioeconomic problems.in addition, we can counsel students to do extra efforts along with their studies so that they don’t have to compromise with their studies. In conclusion, I want to say that keeping the view of the above discussion there is a direct relation between socioeconomic status and students learning and academic achievement. Especially the parents income and education level which has a great impact on children academic achievement. Therefore it’s very important to raise the socioeconomic status of people so they can easily afford their children education expenses. For this, we can have interventions individually and on government level like educating parents, mass media awareness, and scholarship etc. As it is stated in a study which is conducted in International Islamic University Islamabad that socioeconomic status has a significant impact on students learning. Akhter (2012).