Mechanical Engineering

Question : Discuss about theModelling Techniques of Mechanical Engineering ? Answer : Introduction The paper has been for the aquifer water movement into or out of the oil or the gas reservoirs. This is based on the aquifers which are mainly for the maintenance of the pressure, with the balance of the material and the well-flooded calculations. For this, the gas storage operations work on the movement of water and the prediction of the pressure with the pore volume behaviour. Through this, there have been volume which has been occupied by the reservoir fluid where the flow model has been used for the idealised and the mathematical representation of the water flow. It is based on the prediction setup of the movement of water where there is a need for selecting the flow model and to handle the reservoir aquifer system. The quantity is based on computing the reservoir pressure and then working on the water-influx rates which are able to predict and handle the amount of the gas reservoir pressure and the pore volume performance for the gas-in-place schedule. (Abdulkarim, 2015). With t his, the model has been applied for the reservoir performances which is set by the thick sand model with the radial flow Modelling Techniques The prediction of the water movement need to work on the flow model for the reservoir aquifer system where there has been a detailed flow model to date the radial flow. The horizontal approach includes the interface between the reservoir fluid and the water of the aquifer with the proper depth set for the underlying the reservoir. The bottom-water drive will be able to handle the 3D model which accounts mainly for the pressure gradients and the other flow of the water system in a vertical direction. This is working in a detailed description through the formulation of the governing behaviour to solution of the equation. The model mainly accounts for the cases of the vertical permeability which is set in equal to the fraction of the horizontal permeability pattern. (Naderi et al., 2016). The drop of pressure values can easily be used to predict the reservoir from the water-influx rates. It includes the prediction of the water-influx when a known reservoir pressure is there. The gravity includes the analysis of the patterns where there has no major effect on the flow of the homogenous fluid and the other boundary conditions. Hence, the gravity acceleration is zero when there is a final result is found to be unchanged. The pressure distribution can easily be altered by the inclusion of the analysis of the gravity with the time constant hydrostatic head. The equations are working on the development and prediction of the pressure with the pore-volume behaviour for gas storage. The prediction is also based on the bottom reservoir performance on the bottom water drive model which completely differs from the other horizontal flow model which are based on van Everdingen and Hurst. (Osman et al., 2015). The problem is based on the physical interpretation which is for the practical significance. It includes the gravity in the analysis with the trivial pattern that has no effect on the flow of the homogenous patterns with the compressing fluid with the fixed boundary system which is subjected to the boundary conditions. The gravity acceleration is zero where the final results is found to be unchanged. The pressure distribution is based on alteration by including of the gravity. The time-constant hydrostatic head is based on applying the prediction the pressure and the pore-volume behaviour of the gas storage reservoir. The edge water drive flow model can easily be treated by the Everdingen and Hurst which includes the thickness of the aquifer h which is small in relation to the reservoir or the radius r. The water is easily able to invade and recede from the field at the edge of the latter where there have been horizontal radial flow which are seen in the figure. The bottom water-drive reservoir aquifer system has been properly sketched. The thickness of the aquifer is h is based on the relation to r where the flow of the water is in and out of the reservoir for the rough horizontal reservoir fluid interface. (Spain et al., 2015). The aquifer is considered to be holding the right circular cylinder of the height h and the radius at the exterior which. There have been upper and the lower faces which are found to be impermeable except for the portions of the face which is at the upper side and intersected by the reservoir. The formation of the aquifer is considered to be constant but completely unequa l to handle the permeability in the direction set in the horizontal and the vertical direction. The consideration is also about the average vertical permeability which is equal to the average of the horizontal permeability that is set in the aquifers with a thin and the shale streaks in discontinuous manner. The fraction taken is 1 and the applications for this thick model is considered to be homogenous. The petroleum reservoirs are set in contact with the aquifers which provide the support through the influx of water. The prediction is based on the behaviour of accurate aquifer model. The flow geometry is with the reservoir aquifer system which has been the edge water and the bottom water drive. The edge water drive where the patterns are based on radial diffusivity equation. The assumptions are based on the better model with coats that has been model which takes into account for the vertical flow effects. The objective is based on the development of the depletion strategy for the active bottom water drive reservoir which improves the oil recovery with the reduction of the water production. It is mainly due to the coning, with the delay water breakthrough time and then pre-identifying the well to work on excessive water production. (Codrington et al., 2016). Limitations and Challenges Considering the knowledge of the solution, the diffusive equation has been mainly to govern the water movement aquifer which is set about the bottom water drive reservoir. With this, there have been validity for the radial infinite aquifers are set. The other pattern obtained is the use of the finite Hankel transformation which is for the aquifers to handle the fitness degrees. The significance is to show the difference which arise mainly in between the performance of the field that is set by the thick sand and the radial flow model in horizontal manner. The focus has been on the pressure gradients in the vertical direction which is set mainly due to the water flow. The calculations are for the aquifer water movement which is set for handling the material balance and the well flooding calculations. In gas storage operations work on the water movement where the prediction of the pressure and the pore-volume behaviour. The term includes the denoting the volume which has been occupied b y the fluid of the reservoir. (Hosseini et al., 2016). The physical reasonable flow model has been set accordingly to the radial flow model by van Everdingen and Hurst. The cases are depending upon the situations on the aquifer with the horizontal interface between the fluid of the reservoir and the aquifer water. The significance is based on bottom water drive will occur as per the 3D model accounting for the pressure gradients and the flow of water. The vertical direction works on the formulation of the governing of the partial differential equation to solution. The model is based on the vertical permeability which equals to the horizontal permeability. The pressure drop works on the equations to predict the reservoir pressure which is from the known water influx rate with the water influx rate. Possible Outcomes The focus has been on the increased emphasis of the models with the resistance curve technique which oppose the flow model. The latter approach has been a major necessity that involves the idealisation that involves the different reservoirs mainly to handle the geometry of the aquifer and the homogeneity. The objection is about the arising the cases which violate based on the resistance curve methods. This also includes the objections of the no assumptions that concern about the aquifer geometry and the homogeneity that involves the determination of the resistance curve. (Codrington et al., 2016). The pattern is for the resistance curve method where the will is mainly to replace the model method in the long run with the increased ease and accuracy for calculating the water movement. The method has been set depending upon the edge-water drive gas field gas which has been carried out in effective manner. The different degree of success is set to match the field behaviour through the us e of the horizontal flow of the radial model. With this, the reflection is on the different degrees to which the model has been working based on the idealization process. In present, there are certain flow models which are mainly to provide with the useful tool with the prediction set of the reservoir performance. The standards are based on comparison to the resistance curves which are obtained from the field data through a proper reliable method. The example is the pertinence to the resistance curves which might be for the comparison to the different models. Reference Abdulkarim, M., 2015.Development of Coning Correlations for Oil Rim Reservoirs using Experimental Design and Response Surface Methodology(Doctoral dissertation). Osman, A.I.A., Alsayed, H.A. and Elshaikh, M., 2015.Evaluation of Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) Implemented in Bamboo Field(Doctoral dissertation, Sudan University of Science and Technology). Naderi, M. and Khamehchi, E., 2016. Nonlinear risk optimization approach to water drive gas reservoir production optimization using DOE and artificial intelligence.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,31, pp.575-584. Naderi, M., Rostami, B. and Khosravi, M., 2015. Effect of heterogeneity on the productivity of vertical, deviated and horizontal wells in water drive gas reservoirs.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,23, pp.481-491. Spain, D.R., Naidu, R., Dawson, W., Merletti, G.D., Kumar, R. and Guo, D.Y., 2015, November. Integrated Workflow for Selecting Hydraulic Fracture Initiation Points in the Khazzan Giant Tight Gas Field, Sultanate of Oman. InAbu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Al-Mudhafar, W.J., Rao, D.N. and Nasab, S.H., 2016, August. Optimization of Cyclic CO2 Flooding through the Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage Process under Geological Uncertainties. InECMOR XIV-15th European Conference on the Mathematics of Oil Recovery. Codrington, K., Nancoo-Ali, D., Leung, D., Calvert, P., Nouwens, N. and Harris, D., 2016, June. A Review of Water Reduction Techniques for Open Hole Gravel Pack Completions. InSPE Trinidad and Tobago Section Energy Resources Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Hosseini-Nasab, S.M., Padalkar, C., Battistutta, E. and Zitha, P.L., 2016. Mechanistic Modelling of the Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer Flooding Process at Sub-Optimum Salinity Conditions for Enhanced Oil Recovery.Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research. Kashefi, K., Pereira, L.M., Chapoy, A., Burgass, R. and Tohidi, B., 2016. Measurement and modelling of interfacial tension in methane/water and methane/brine systems at reservoir conditions.Fluid Phase Equilibria,409, pp.301-311. Mechanical Engineering Question : What is the Mechanical Engineering ? Answer : Introduction For a construction company, buying equipment is better than taking on rent. A Saudi-based company RAM Contracting has expertise in construction, development of residential and commercial projects ("RAM Contracting - Construction, Engineering Company Riyadh, Saudi Arabia", 2016). The company wants to expand its working area, so taken up a government project of developing an underground metro-rail (Auctioneers, 2014). The technical department has come up with a demand of particular equipment Suction Excavator. The team decides to rent the equipment from a well-known construction equipment company. The report covers the points that clarify why it is better to make the purchase of twenty Excavators rather than taking twenty-four excavators on hire basis. Studies show that the purchase of equipment by a company is much more beneficial for it. It is a one-time investment and proves to be an asset for the company in the coming future. Though a huge amount of capital will be required to make the purchase, it is going to come back to the company in the form of profits. All the points are discussed in detail in the given report (Edwards Holt, 2010). Method The construction team of RAM Construction Company of Riyadh has kept a requirement of suction excavators for the construction of the underground metro-rail project. To find out what is better renting or buying of equipment few necessary points was considered. Current Financial Situation- the obvious factor is that the company has the financial stability to make the purchases. Buying the heavy equipment like suction excavators requires huge capital, but renting which seems a small expense cumulatively becomes a large amount. Financial support can be taken in the form of a loan or used equipment in good condition can also be purchased (Kim Lee, 2015). Cost Estimation- The estimate of the cost of equipment renting and buying is another factor that was considered. There are many expenses like insurance, maintenance, other such fees that are needed to be paid if the company owns the equipment, but if the equipment is rented then also all these expenses are given by the company because they will be added to the rent of the equipment. The length of the project- the project taken up by the company is for approximately two years, and a company is looking for more such projects in future. In the long run, the purchased equipment will prove to be more beneficial as they can be used in the future projects also which will reduce their expenses (Kim, Ha, Kang, Kim, Park, Park, 2013). Equipment availability- owning equipment will never face a problem of non-availability of the equipment. In renting, there is no surety of the availability of the equipment when required that will not only waste the expensive time of labour but increase the cost of the project. Inventory control- if the equipment is purchased then it will give flexibility to the project. If the project is for three months but gets extended for another two months, there will be no issues with availability of equipment. One can always sell the equipment once the work gets completed and earn its money back (Lindsay, 2015). A table is included here that help in determining the better option in terms of costing:- Cost of renting equipment Cost of owning equipment Pickup/delivery charge + Rental rate (per year/month/day) x rental period (number of years/months/days) = total rental cost Purchase cost + maintenance, delivery, insurance (ownership costs) - resale value = total ownership cost Rental period/ Total rental cost = rental cost per year/month/day Ownership period/ Total ownership cost = ownership cost per year/month/day Total rental cost / expected hours of use = rental cost per hour of use Expected hours of use/ Total ownership cost = ownership cost per hour of use (Tapio Lindman, 2007). Scheduling The purchases of the equipment need to be done immediately as the starting part of the project include the use of suction excavators to dig the ground for the underground metro-rail projects. If the equipment is purchased, then the work could be started within a week of the purchases and scheduling the duties. The requirement of twenty suction excavators is given by the department. It the starting only five suction excavators will be required as the work will be starting in a smaller area. As the area will increase the requirement of the suction excavators will also increase. After a months work another ten suction excavators will be required and after fifteen days all the suction excavators will be required to complete the job (Mahajan Rajput, 2013). Capabilities The suction excavators if purchased then they will be of the conditions that the company requires for the job. Twenty purchased suction excavators can handle the work of twenty-four rented suction excavators. The cost of hiring the driver for the excavators will also be less than renting. Suction Excavators are good for the projects as they help in creating a hole in the ground with the help of air or water. Due to this technique, the earth gets loosen and the risk of damaging the underground utility reduce to the minimum (RAM Contracting - Construction, Engineering Company Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2016). Material and Equipment AtlasCopco Company from Germany has been selected for the purchasing of the suction excavators. The company is giving twenty suction excavators at a price negotiated by the purchase department. They will be bearing the transportation cost of the equipment till it reaches Saudi Arabia and the rest will be bear by the company. They will be supplying five suction excavators within five days of order and the rest of the fifteen excavators after twenty days (Rezazadeh Azar, McCabe, 2012). Expected Result The purchased excavators can be used in two shifts of day and night, which will get the first leg of work done within twenty days. The second leg of work will be completed in the next month as the covering area is very large. The last leg will again take another month for completion (Smith, 2015). Plan for Evaluating Result The result will be evaluated with the completion of the targeted work in a particular period. For example, if the target is set to use ten suction excavators and dig twenty kilometres of ground in two days, the result will be evaluated after two days, and how much area got dug. The estimated expenses will be compared with the actual expenses that will help in measuring the result of the decision taken (Tapio Lindman, 2007). Feasibility Purchase of Suction Excavators is feasible as follows: - The equipment will be available all the time. No hidden expenses Cost effective Act as an asset for the company The company can sell the equipment after the completion of the project and resale value can be earned (Suction Excavator Solutions | Suction Excavator Solutions Providing the safest solution for all your excavation needs, 2016). Budget The following are the budget details:- Suction Excavator cost $ 24,800 Required suction excavators 20 x 24,800 = $4, 96,000 Transportation cost $ 10,000 Insurance amount 20 x $ 500 = $10,000 Total Amount $ 5, 16,000 Justification In the construction world, tools are as good as a man. The most important tool on a construction job site is the construction equipment. This equipment works for ten men in one-tenth of the time taken by a man. For achieving success in the construction business, a company should have adequate and appropriate equipment available at a moment notice. A company with capital should always purchase its equipment, as in the long run the equipment will turn into profits, which rented equipment will never give. Purchasing the equipment will have no hidden expenses where as when paying rent a company pays all the expenses plus charges for using the machine. As RAM Construction Company is looking forward to more such projects and then the purchased equipment will be very cost effective in the future projects (RAM Contracting - Construction, Engineering Company Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2016). Conclusion RAM Construction Company of Riyadh is expanding its business by taking an underground Metro-Rail project. The company requires suction excavators for the project. The report discusses why purchasing of the equipment is better than taking on rent. With the given details, the report summarizes the reasons and justification for making the purchase of the excavators for the company. The company is going to gain a lot of benefits from the purchase of the suction excavators. So the report concluded in favour of making the purchase of the suction excavators. References Auctioneers, R. (2014).When to buy or rent heavy equipment five factors to consider. | Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers.Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers. Edwards, D. Holt, G. (2010). Case study analysis of risk from using excavators as cranes.Automation In Construction,19(2), 127-133. Heavy Equipment Lifting Rental Companies in Saudi Arabia. (2016).Aaacgulf.net. Kim, N. Lee, D. (2015). Interaction Analysis between Construction Business Indicators and Business Performance Indicators of Specialty Contractors providing Labor and Small Sized Equipment.Journal Of The Korea Institute Of Building Construction,15(1), 65-71. Kim, Y., Ha, J., Kang, H., Kim, P., Park, J., Park, F. (2013). Dynamically optimal trajectories for earthmoving excavators.Automation In Construction,35, 568-578. Lindsay,. (2015).Is it Better to Lease or Buy Your Construction Equipment? | Construction Marketing Blog.Constructionmarketingassociation.org. Mahajan, D. Rajput, B. (2013). IT Model to Calculate Required Equipment for Excavation Work in Construction Projects.Journal Of Construction Engineering And Project Management,3(4), 1-4. RAM Contracting - Construction, Engineering Company Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. (2016).Ramcc.com. Retrieved 11 December 2016, from https://www.ramcc.com/ Rezazadeh Azar, E. McCabe, B. (2012). Part based model and spatialtemporal reasoning to recognize hydraulic excavators in construction images and videos.Automation In Construction,24, 194-202. Smith, D. (2015).Renting Vs. Buying.Managing Your Business. Suction Excavator Solutions | Suction Excavator Solutions Providing the safest solution for all your excavation needs.. (2016).Suctionexcavatorsolutions.co.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2016, from https://www.suctionexcavatorsolutions.co.uk/ Tapio Lindman, M. (2007). Remarks on the quality of the construction of business concepts.European Business Review,19(3), 196-215.